Wednesday, October 13, 2010
Tuesday, October 12, 2010
Animal Models for Therapeutic Strategies
uthor: Allan B. Haberman, Ph.D.
Developing animal models that are more predictive of efficacy is an iterative process. But progress is being made, as researchers apply new knowledge and experimental approaches in elucidating the biology of particular diseases to creation of animal models.
About the Author:
Allan B. Haberman, PhD, is Principal of Haberman Associates, a consulting firm specializing in science and technology strategy for pharmaceutical, biotechnology,and other life science companies. He is also a Principal and Founder of the Biopharmaceutical Consortium (www.biopharmconsortium.comuthor: Allan B. Haberman, Ph.D. The use of animal models in development of novel therapeutic strategies is the main emphasis of this report. Creation of new animal models is an important part of this research. Discussed in this publication: * Case studies of the use of established animal models in developing novel therapeutic strategies * Emerging animal models for use in drug discovery and the development of new therapeutic strategies * Development of animal models that are more predictive of drug efficacy * Technological developments in progress * Use of computer models and translational biomarkers to move more effectively from preclinical animal studies to the clinic * Thought-leader interviews and a user survey are also included Although animal models based on mammalian species have been long employed, more recently the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry has also adopted several invertebrate and lower vertebrate animal models. The aim of using animal models to develop novel therapeutic strategies is to achieve knowledge of pathways and targets that leads to new paradigms for drug discovery and development. Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 6 focus on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila, the zebrafish, and the mouse, respectively. Each chapter includes cases studies of the use of each of these established animal models in developing novel therapeutic strategies for human disease. Chapters 5 and 7 focus on emerging animal models, the African clawed toad Xenopus tropicalis and emerging mammalian animal models. Each of these chapters focuses on technological developments in progress to develop tractable animal models based on these organisms. Chapter 7 also includes a discussion of the rat as an animal model, which is “reemerging” as the result of new technologies and collaborations. Chapter 8 discusses the use of computer models and translational biomarkers in helping researchers move more effectively from preclinical animal studies to human clinical trials. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology company researchers have been increasingly applying pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to all stages of drug development. These models, as well as biophysical models such as those developed by Novartis and physiological models such as those developed by Entelos, can help researchers more effectively use animal model data in the design of clinical trials. In particular, they can help researchers reduce drug attrition in clinical trials due to suboptimal dosing. Chapter 6, which focuses on the mouse, concludes with a discussion of the issue of developing more predictive animal models of drug efficacy, specifically more predictive mammalian models. One main reason for researchers’ difficulties in producing predictive mouse models is major unknown factors in disease biology. Although these factors make developing predictive animal models difficult, researchers can use animal models to learn about unknown or poorly understood areas of disease biology. This is expected to lead to the development of improved animal models as well as the development of new therapeutic strategies and drugs. Developing animal models that are more predictive of efficacy is an iterative process. But progress is being made, as researchers apply new knowledge and experimental approaches in elucidating the biology of particular diseases to creation of animal models. About the Author: Allan B. Haberman, PhD, is Principal of Haberman Associates, a consulting firm specializing in science and technology strategy for pharmaceutical, biotechnology,and other life science companies. He is also a Principal and Founder of the Biopharmaceutical Consortium (www.biopharmconsortium.com), an expert team formed to assist life science companies, research groups,and emerging enterprises to identify and exploit promising,breakthrough technologies. Dr. Haberman is also the author of numerous publications on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, their technologies and products,and on the major therapeutic areas for drug discovery and development. Formerly the associate director of the Biotechnology Engineering Center at Tufts University, he received his PhD in biochemistry and molecula biology from Harvard University.
About the Author:
Allan B. Haberman, PhD, is Principal of Haberman Associates, a consulting firm specializing in science and technology strategy for pharmaceutical, biotechnology,and other life science companies. He is also a Principal and Founder of the Biopharmaceutical Consortium (www.biopharmconsortium.comuthor: Allan B. Haberman, Ph.D. The use of animal models in development of novel therapeutic strategies is the main emphasis of this report. Creation of new animal models is an important part of this research. Discussed in this publication: * Case studies of the use of established animal models in developing novel therapeutic strategies * Emerging animal models for use in drug discovery and the development of new therapeutic strategies * Development of animal models that are more predictive of drug efficacy * Technological developments in progress * Use of computer models and translational biomarkers to move more effectively from preclinical animal studies to the clinic * Thought-leader interviews and a user survey are also included Although animal models based on mammalian species have been long employed, more recently the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry has also adopted several invertebrate and lower vertebrate animal models. The aim of using animal models to develop novel therapeutic strategies is to achieve knowledge of pathways and targets that leads to new paradigms for drug discovery and development. Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 6 focus on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila, the zebrafish, and the mouse, respectively. Each chapter includes cases studies of the use of each of these established animal models in developing novel therapeutic strategies for human disease. Chapters 5 and 7 focus on emerging animal models, the African clawed toad Xenopus tropicalis and emerging mammalian animal models. Each of these chapters focuses on technological developments in progress to develop tractable animal models based on these organisms. Chapter 7 also includes a discussion of the rat as an animal model, which is “reemerging” as the result of new technologies and collaborations. Chapter 8 discusses the use of computer models and translational biomarkers in helping researchers move more effectively from preclinical animal studies to human clinical trials. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology company researchers have been increasingly applying pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling to all stages of drug development. These models, as well as biophysical models such as those developed by Novartis and physiological models such as those developed by Entelos, can help researchers more effectively use animal model data in the design of clinical trials. In particular, they can help researchers reduce drug attrition in clinical trials due to suboptimal dosing. Chapter 6, which focuses on the mouse, concludes with a discussion of the issue of developing more predictive animal models of drug efficacy, specifically more predictive mammalian models. One main reason for researchers’ difficulties in producing predictive mouse models is major unknown factors in disease biology. Although these factors make developing predictive animal models difficult, researchers can use animal models to learn about unknown or poorly understood areas of disease biology. This is expected to lead to the development of improved animal models as well as the development of new therapeutic strategies and drugs. Developing animal models that are more predictive of efficacy is an iterative process. But progress is being made, as researchers apply new knowledge and experimental approaches in elucidating the biology of particular diseases to creation of animal models. About the Author: Allan B. Haberman, PhD, is Principal of Haberman Associates, a consulting firm specializing in science and technology strategy for pharmaceutical, biotechnology,and other life science companies. He is also a Principal and Founder of the Biopharmaceutical Consortium (www.biopharmconsortium.com), an expert team formed to assist life science companies, research groups,and emerging enterprises to identify and exploit promising,breakthrough technologies. Dr. Haberman is also the author of numerous publications on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, their technologies and products,and on the major therapeutic areas for drug discovery and development. Formerly the associate director of the Biotechnology Engineering Center at Tufts University, he received his PhD in biochemistry and molecula biology from Harvard University.
Archaeology
It is considered, in North America, to be one of the four sub-fields of anthropology. A modern archaeological project often begins with a survey.
Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region.
Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and middens, within a site.
Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods. Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects.
It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as stratigraphy, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context. Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their provenance or provenience, be recorded.
This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well.
Similarly, their association, or relationship with nearby objects and features, needs to be recorded for later analysis.
This allows the archaeologist to deduce what artefacts and features were likely used together and which may be from different phases of activity.
For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artefacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.
For more information about the topic Archaeology, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles:
Iron Age — In archaeology, the Iron Age is the stage in the development of any people where the use of iron implements as tools and weapons is prominent. The ... > Archaeology, archeology, or archæology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains and landscapes. The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies. See also: Fossils & Ruins * Cultures * Ancient Civilizations * Anthropology * Lost Treasures * Human Evolution * Archaeology It is considered, in North America, to be one of the four sub-fields of anthropology. A modern archaeological project often begins with a survey. Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region. Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and middens, within a site. Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods. Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects. It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as stratigraphy, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context. Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their provenance or provenience, be recorded. This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well. Similarly, their association, or relationship with nearby objects and features, needs to be recorded for later analysis. This allows the archaeologist to deduce what artefacts and features were likely used together and which may be from different phases of activity. For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artefacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures. For more information about the topic Archaeology, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles: Excavation — Excavation is the best-known and most commonly used technique within the science of archaeology. Individual excavations are normally referred to ... > read more Artifact (archaeology) — An artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. Examples ... > read more Archaeological field survey — Archaeological field survey is the methodological process by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) collect information about the ... > read more Iron Age — In archaeology, the Iron Age is the stage in the development of any people where the use of iron implements as tools and weapons is prominent. The ... > read more
Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region.
Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and middens, within a site.
Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods. Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects.
It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as stratigraphy, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context. Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their provenance or provenience, be recorded.
This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well.
Similarly, their association, or relationship with nearby objects and features, needs to be recorded for later analysis.
This allows the archaeologist to deduce what artefacts and features were likely used together and which may be from different phases of activity.
For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artefacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures.
For more information about the topic Archaeology, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles:
Excavation — Excavation is the best-known and most commonly used technique within the science of archaeology. Individual excavations are normally referred to ... > read more
Artifact (archaeology) — An artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. Examples ... > read more
Archaeological field survey — Archaeological field survey is the methodological process by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) collect information about the ... > read more
Iron Age — In archaeology, the Iron Age is the stage in the development of any people where the use of iron implements as tools and weapons is prominent. The ... > Archaeology, archeology, or archæology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains and landscapes. The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies. See also: Fossils & Ruins * Cultures * Ancient Civilizations * Anthropology * Lost Treasures * Human Evolution * Archaeology It is considered, in North America, to be one of the four sub-fields of anthropology. A modern archaeological project often begins with a survey. Regional survey is the attempt to systematically locate previously unknown sites in a region. Site survey is the attempt to systematically locate features of interest, such as houses and middens, within a site. Each of these two goals may be accomplished with largely the same methods. Archaeological excavation existed even when the field was still the domain of amateurs, and it remains the source of the majority of data recovered in most field projects. It can reveal several types of information usually not accessible to survey, such as stratigraphy, three-dimensional structure, and verifiably primary context. Modern excavation techniques require that the precise locations of objects and features, known as their provenance or provenience, be recorded. This always involves determining their horizontal locations, and sometimes vertical position as well. Similarly, their association, or relationship with nearby objects and features, needs to be recorded for later analysis. This allows the archaeologist to deduce what artefacts and features were likely used together and which may be from different phases of activity. For example, excavation of a site reveals its stratigraphy; if a site was occupied by a succession of distinct cultures, artefacts from more recent cultures will lie above those from more ancient cultures. For more information about the topic Archaeology, read the full article at Wikipedia.org, or see the following related articles: Excavation — Excavation is the best-known and most commonly used technique within the science of archaeology. Individual excavations are normally referred to ... > read more Artifact (archaeology) — An artifact or artefact is any object made or modified by a human culture, and often one later recovered by some archaeological endeavor. Examples ... > read more Archaeological field survey — Archaeological field survey is the methodological process by which archaeologists (often landscape archaeologists) collect information about the ... > read more Iron Age — In archaeology, the Iron Age is the stage in the development of any people where the use of iron implements as tools and weapons is prominent. The ... > read moreFinancial English
Who is this course for?
Professionals and students in finance and accounting will benefit from the practical applications of this specialized course. Focus on specialist vocabulary acquisition and skills development to prepare to write the Cambridge International Certificate in Financial English (ICFE).Levels
This course is ideal for students who have achieved a minimum of ILAC Level 12.How can I progress after this course?
Focus on specialist vocabulary acquisition and skills development to prepare to write the Cambridge International Certificate in Financial English (ICFE).Timetable
As part of the Power English Program (38 lessons per week) you can choose to study the Financial English course in the afternoon. Additionally, this course can be taught in a one-to-one format.
Who is this course for? Professionals and students in finance and accounting will benefit from the practical applications of this specialized course. Focus on specialist vocabulary acquisition and skills development to prepare to write the Cambridge International Certificate in Financial English (ICFE). Levels This course is ideal for students who have achieved a minimum of ILAC Level 12. How can I progress after this course? Focus on specialist vocabulary acquisition and skills development to prepare to write the Cambridge International Certificate in Financial English (ICFE). Timetable As part of the Power English Program (38 lessons per week) you can choose to study the Financial English course in the afternoon. Additionally, this course can be taught in a one-to-one format.General English
Our teaching philosophy uses a unique integrated skills approach with a focus on all aspects of English language including speaking, listening, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and idioms. ILAC instructors have taught English to over 40,000 students and are experienced at meeting the needs of individual students while leading exciting academic programs. A wide range of electives offer you the opportunity to customize your study.
As a beginner, this course will provide you with a strong foundation, and if you choose the Power English Program, you will be able to advance your level more quickly and focus on developing specific skill sets during your elective and power communication periods.
Our teaching philosophy uses a unique integrated skills approach with a focus on all aspects of English language including speaking, listening, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and idioms. ILAC instructors have taught English to over 40,000 students and are experienced at meeting the needs of individual students while leading exciting academic programs. A wide range of electives offer you the opportunity to customize your study. Who is this course for? A student who is interested in developing the core skills of English in a communicative environment. Levels General English Studies are offered from Level 1-11, taking the student from a true beginner to a pre-advanced level. As a beginner, this course will provide you with a strong foundation, and if you choose the Power English Program, you will be able to advance your level more quickly and focus on developing specific skill sets during your elective and power communication periods. How can I progress after this course? Upon completion of level 12, students have the option to move into more advanced courses based on their future interests. Choose from Cambridge English, Test Preparation, LSBF Business English, Pre-Degree and Pre-Masters Certificate and TESOL Preparation. Timetable Choose from the Intensive English Program (30 lessons per week) or the Power English Program (38 lessons per week) and select from the following possible electives based on your level.
Who is this course for?
A student who is interested in developing the core skills of English in a communicative environment.Levels
General English Studies are offered from Level 1-11, taking the student from a true beginner to a pre-advanced level.As a beginner, this course will provide you with a strong foundation, and if you choose the Power English Program, you will be able to advance your level more quickly and focus on developing specific skill sets during your elective and power communication periods.
How can I progress after this course?
Upon completion of level 12, students have the option to move into more advanced courses based on their future interests. Choose from Cambridge English, Test Preparation, LSBF Business English, Pre-Degree and Pre-Masters Certificate and TESOL Preparation.Timetable
Choose from the Intensive English Program (30 lessons per week) or the Power English Program (38 lessons per week) and select from the following possible electives based on your level. Our teaching philosophy uses a unique integrated skills approach with a focus on all aspects of English language including speaking, listening, reading, writing, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and idioms. ILAC instructors have taught English to over 40,000 students and are experienced at meeting the needs of individual students while leading exciting academic programs. A wide range of electives offer you the opportunity to customize your study. Who is this course for? A student who is interested in developing the core skills of English in a communicative environment. Levels General English Studies are offered from Level 1-11, taking the student from a true beginner to a pre-advanced level. As a beginner, this course will provide you with a strong foundation, and if you choose the Power English Program, you will be able to advance your level more quickly and focus on developing specific skill sets during your elective and power communication periods. How can I progress after this course? Upon completion of level 12, students have the option to move into more advanced courses based on their future interests. Choose from Cambridge English, Test Preparation, LSBF Business English, Pre-Degree and Pre-Masters Certificate and TESOL Preparation. Timetable Choose from the Intensive English Program (30 lessons per week) or the Power English Program (38 lessons per week) and select from the following possible electives based on your level.Academic English
This course will focus on developing the skills you will require to succeed at university level study in English. Experienced instructors will guide you through developing tactics for academic studies, including note-taking and summarizing from university level lectures, research skills, and writing essays and reports. Your instructors will also help prepare you to become familiar with university level expectations, use critical thinking skills and develop cultural awareness.
On the first day of classes, our academic team will meet with individual students to assess their level of English and discuss the best possible course of study to meet the student’s objectives.
This course will focus on developing the skills you will require to succeed at university level study in English. Experienced instructors will guide you through developing tactics for academic studies, including note-taking and summarizing from university level lectures, research skills, and writing essays and reports. Your instructors will also help prepare you to become familiar with university level expectations, use critical thinking skills and develop cultural awareness. Who is this course for? A student who is interested in developing Academic skills, especially in the areas of Listening, Reading and Writing, to successfully continue their studies in undergraduate and postgraduate programs in English. Levels There are two levels of study, and it is recommended that students have a minimum of IELTS 5.0 or equivalent to study at the Intermediate level, and IELTS 6.0 to study at the Advanced Level. On the first day of classes, our academic team will meet with individual students to assess their level of English and discuss the best possible course of study to meet the student’s objectives. How can I progress after this course? This program prepares students to continue their studies in London School of Business and Finance Undergraduate or PostGraduate programs, as well as other universities in North America or the United Kingdom. Please speak to your academic advisor for assistance with LSBF program applications or university applications for Canada. Timetable Both levels of this program are currently being offered from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm daily. Combine this class with English Studies or One-to-One lessons to fast-track your success. Please download the Course Prospectus for a detailed timetable. This course will focus on developing the skills you will require to succeed at university level study in English. Experienced instructors will guide you through developing tactics for academic studies, including note-taking and summarizing from university level lectures, research skills, and writing essays and reports. Your instructors will also help prepare you to become familiar with university level expectations, use critical thinking skills and develop cultural awareness. Who is this course for? A student who is interested in developing Academic skills, especially in the areas of Listening, Reading and Writing, to successfully continue their studies in undergraduate and postgraduate programs in English. Levels There are two levels of study, and it is recommended that students have a minimum of IELTS 5.0 or equivalent to study at the Intermediate level, and IELTS 6.0 to study at the Advanced Level. On the first day of classes, our academic team will meet with individual students to assess their level of English and discuss the best possible course of study to meet the student’s objectives. How can I progress after this course? This program prepares students to continue their studies in London School of Business and Finance Undergraduate or PostGraduate programs, as well as other universities in North America or the United Kingdom. Please speak to your academic advisor for assistance with LSBF program applications or university applications for Canada. Timetable Both levels of this program are currently being offered from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm daily. Combine this class with English Studies or One-to-One lessons to fast-track your success. Please download the Course Prospectus for a detailed timetable. Pre-Apply for your program now to ensure your space in Toronto.
Who is this course for?
A student who is interested in developing Academic skills, especially in the areas of Listening, Reading and Writing, to successfully continue their studies in undergraduate and postgraduate programs in English.Levels
There are two levels of study, and it is recommended that students have a minimum of IELTS 5.0 or equivalent to study at the Intermediate level, and IELTS 6.0 to study at the Advanced Level.On the first day of classes, our academic team will meet with individual students to assess their level of English and discuss the best possible course of study to meet the student’s objectives.
How can I progress after this course?
This program prepares students to continue their studies in London School of Business and Finance Undergraduate or PostGraduate programs, as well as other universities in North America or the United Kingdom. Please speak to your academic advisor for assistance with LSBF program applications or university applications for Canada.Timetable
Both levels of this program are currently being offered from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm daily. Combine this class with English Studies or One-to-One lessons to fast-track your success. Please download the Course Prospectus for a detailed timetable.This course will focus on developing the skills you will require to succeed at university level study in English. Experienced instructors will guide you through developing tactics for academic studies, including note-taking and summarizing from university level lectures, research skills, and writing essays and reports. Your instructors will also help prepare you to become familiar with university level expectations, use critical thinking skills and develop cultural awareness. Who is this course for? A student who is interested in developing Academic skills, especially in the areas of Listening, Reading and Writing, to successfully continue their studies in undergraduate and postgraduate programs in English. Levels There are two levels of study, and it is recommended that students have a minimum of IELTS 5.0 or equivalent to study at the Intermediate level, and IELTS 6.0 to study at the Advanced Level. On the first day of classes, our academic team will meet with individual students to assess their level of English and discuss the best possible course of study to meet the student’s objectives. How can I progress after this course? This program prepares students to continue their studies in London School of Business and Finance Undergraduate or PostGraduate programs, as well as other universities in North America or the United Kingdom. Please speak to your academic advisor for assistance with LSBF program applications or university applications for Canada. Timetable Both levels of this program are currently being offered from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm daily. Combine this class with English Studies or One-to-One lessons to fast-track your success. Please download the Course Prospectus for a detailed timetable. This course will focus on developing the skills you will require to succeed at university level study in English. Experienced instructors will guide you through developing tactics for academic studies, including note-taking and summarizing from university level lectures, research skills, and writing essays and reports. Your instructors will also help prepare you to become familiar with university level expectations, use critical thinking skills and develop cultural awareness. Who is this course for? A student who is interested in developing Academic skills, especially in the areas of Listening, Reading and Writing, to successfully continue their studies in undergraduate and postgraduate programs in English. Levels There are two levels of study, and it is recommended that students have a minimum of IELTS 5.0 or equivalent to study at the Intermediate level, and IELTS 6.0 to study at the Advanced Level. On the first day of classes, our academic team will meet with individual students to assess their level of English and discuss the best possible course of study to meet the student’s objectives. How can I progress after this course? This program prepares students to continue their studies in London School of Business and Finance Undergraduate or PostGraduate programs, as well as other universities in North America or the United Kingdom. Please speak to your academic advisor for assistance with LSBF program applications or university applications for Canada. Timetable Both levels of this program are currently being offered from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm daily. Combine this class with English Studies or One-to-One lessons to fast-track your success. Please download the Course Prospectus for a detailed timetable. Pre-Apply for your program now to ensure your space in Toronto.
Human
his article is about modern humans. For other human species, see Homo. For other uses, see Human (disambiguation).
Humans, known taxonomically as Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man" or "knowing man"),[3][4] are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago.[5]
Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality and sapience,[6][7][8] are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person".[9][10]
Like most higher primates, humans are social animals. However, humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. With individuals widespread in every continent except Antarctica, humans are a cosmopolitan species. As of August 2010, the [update]population of humans was estimated to be about 6.8 billion.[11]
Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally; humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologieshis article is about modern humans. For other human species, see Homo. For other uses, see Human (disambiguation). "Homo sapiens" redirects here. For other uses, see Homo sapiens (disambiguation). Human[1] Fossil range: 0.2–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Pleistocene – Recent Human male and female Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini Genus: Homo Species: H. sapiens Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, known taxonomically as Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man" or "knowing man"),[3][4] are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago.[5] Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality and sapience,[6][7][8] are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person".[9][10] Like most higher primates, humans are social animals. However, humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. With individuals widespread in every continent except Antarctica, humans are a cosmopolitan species. As of August 2010[update], the population of humans was estimated to be about 6.8 billion.[11] Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally; humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologies. The study of humans is the scientific discipline of
Humans, known taxonomically as Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man" or "knowing man"),[3][4] are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago.[5]
Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality and sapience,[6][7][8] are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person".[9][10]
Like most higher primates, humans are social animals. However, humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. With individuals widespread in every continent except Antarctica, humans are a cosmopolitan species. As of August 2010, the [update]population of humans was estimated to be about 6.8 billion.[11]
Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally; humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologieshis article is about modern humans. For other human species, see Homo. For other uses, see Human (disambiguation). "Homo sapiens" redirects here. For other uses, see Homo sapiens (disambiguation). Human[1] Fossil range: 0.2–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Pleistocene – Recent Human male and female Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini Genus: Homo Species: H. sapiens Trinomial name Homo sapiens sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Humans, known taxonomically as Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man" or "knowing man"),[3][4] are the only living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates in Hominidae, the great ape family. Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago, reaching full behavioral modernity around 50,000 years ago.[5] Humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem solving. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other living species on Earth. Other higher-level thought processes of humans, such as self-awareness, rationality and sapience,[6][7][8] are considered to be defining features of what constitutes a "person".[9][10] Like most higher primates, humans are social animals. However, humans are uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of human society. With individuals widespread in every continent except Antarctica, humans are a cosmopolitan species. As of August 2010[update], the population of humans was estimated to be about 6.8 billion.[11] Humans are noted for their desire to understand and influence their environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills, which are passed down culturally; humans are the only species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and use numerous other technologies. The study of humans is the scientific discipline of
Tuesday, October 5, 2010
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